Torah " is one of the most famous names , among the believers of the main religions in the middle east . Some of them respect its name without trying to read it , perhaps because they believed in the critics accuses , but " The Jews " and " The Christians " have their faith in its contents , they respect it because it is the first bases of all " The Holy Bible ".The faithful men of God wrote quoting its contents from the old times and the Archeological discoveries proved the historical news and teachings which was recorded in the " Torah
" Torah " in its original language , The Hebrew , called התןראה" Ha - Torah ". The article " Ha " is the identification article which means " The ", if we refer to " B. Davidson" , 'The Analytical Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon" , he told us that the word " Torah " came from the Hebrew root
יראה" yarah "
a singular , feminine derivation which means the moral base,shooter ( of arrows ) , layer of foundation , the pointer out ( as the finger ) , the teacher . תןר , תארThe name " Tor " or " Tar "
כתןר האדאמwhich is in 1 Chronicles 17.17 " Ketor Ha- adam "
which means" according to the estate of a man " RSV , as we see, the translators of the RSV preferred to translate the word " Tor " to the English expression " the estate of " . in fact , every word in the classical languages, may translate by many modern words, according to their modern rich vocabulary , because they used to added more words to it , to help them along their cultural history , to find new words more precise along ages .
Another scientist called " The Late J. Murry " הןראהreferred the word to " The Accadian " root " Horah "
" The Accadian Language " was the language of the people in the " Patriarchal Ages " , it was the source of the Hebrew , The Arabic and The Syrian languages , the suggested root means , " to see " , it means to see in a general sense , it has a general conception , it means definitely , to see , to regard , to know , to יראהexamine ...etc, " The Hebrew root Yarah "
وراhas the same meaning of " The Arabic root Warrah "
,the Arabic root is still used in the modern Arabic which means " to see something in order to know it and examine its details " .When the word occurs in Proverbs 4.4 and Job 24.6 , 10.8 , it reflects the meaning of " a teacher " .
The question now is , why the translators sometimes translate it , by using " The Greek " word " Nomos "νομος , which means Laws, Systems,Disciplines , or bases ? this question makes us remember some other names for " The Torah " like " The laws " or " The laws of Moses " . for example " Faust " decided to translate it " The Leader " because the word " leader " collects all the meaning of instruction,direction,precept , manner , and form .
It is The Leader so the Greek translated it "νομος Nomos " or " The Laws " in its old Greek's vast area of meaning to the word .The contents of the " Torah " helped " Faust " to find his suggested word , because " Torah " reveals " The laws of God " in a direct form , and in indirect form , inside of the historical stories which show us how " The laws of God " revealed in the behavior of " The Men of God " themselves which lead us , as " A Leader " , to the real aims of God . The name of "Torah "is - in fact - as a " Shooter of an arrow " makes me remember one of my researches , about " The Sorcery and Magic among The Old Nations ", while I was searching , I found the article of " K.A. Kitchen " about the old magician who accompanied by a follower , carried a bag full of arrows on his back ,when he reached to the people who wanted to know something about the future , he used to lead his follower , into a near area , to be watched by the people ,and to be far at the same time from the shooting arrows affections ,and he used to wrap the follower's eyes with a peace of clothes , and ordered him to shoot the arrows in anonymous directions, after that the magician examined the arrows , and spoke about the future , commenting on the color of the arrows , the shape of the arrows , the directions and the distances of the arrows , as a clue to the knowledge about the future , nowadays we have some people all over the world , who supposed that the remains of the coffee in a cup can reveal the future , using the same theory of those magicians .
The Bible itself like to describe the words of God as Arrows , and we must say that it was a very great similarity between the magic and the religion in the old ages ..God sent his word to his people, to lead them to the right way ,and assured its validity by miracles . at the second hand, was the Satan , who sent his lies in the paganism ,using his magical tricks .
But the word of God is like " A Shooting Arrows by God " to reveal the future, the real future of the man , in spite of the magician arrows tricks , which was known among the old Israelite communities ( refer to II Kings 14.13,14 to observe how the arrows were known as a method of revealing the future ) .
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-The "Torah " is " The leader " or " The Moral law " or " The Nomos " . In our attempt to follow the history of the names of the "Torah " we found that its title in the " Septuagint " L.X.X " was " Pentateuch πεντατευχ" , may be someone thought that this title is the equivalent Greek word for the name " Torah " , but in fact , it was not , this word was not an original Greek word neither was the equivalent meaning to the original name "Torah " . It consists of two parts , "Penta πεντα " which means "Five " , and "Teuchos τευχος " ( An Alexandrian local word which was used between the Alexandrian people to mean " A Book " ," A Biblos " or " A Volume as a part of a book written in volumes " The , the word means " The Five Books or Volumes " . The Fathers of the church like " Tertullian " or others , used to call this part of our Holy Bible using that name ,The history of the different names for the " Torah " , and the source of the different names also the numbers of its parts is different from one Critic to another , The Jews used to name the book , by the first word , or phrase which located in the first beginning of the book , some scientists suggested that the " Septuagint writers were the source of this new style , to name the books according to the summary of its contents ,but we see that the "Samaritan Text " , precedes the " Septuagint " in using that tradition before the " Septuagint ". Some researchers thought that the "Torah " with its five parts , were a parallel style to the five books of "Psalms " , and the five books of " Megalloth " [ Song of Songs , Ruth , lamentations , Ecclesiastes , Esther ] , therefore " N. H. Snaith " said in his book " Hymns of the Temple " that the beginning of that tradition was made by the Rabbis to suit the worshiping practice. But the Rabbis have not done the five parts , as what "Snaith " proclaimed , but they divided it into 365 parts ,every part contained 248 parts , called "the sedreem " ,to read in the synagogues , as a circulatory system ended every three years , in spite of they were reading it using that system once every year at the exile times as they do now ,We will discuss the different names ,when we discuss the views of the critics about the "Author of The Torah " ,but it is enough now to tell you that some critics had a strange ideas about some fragments which collected together to create The Torah , as one book ,which was divided later , they were "the critics of the higher criticism " , and "the formal criticism " and others . They who said that it was one book , and divided later to five books [ Genesis - Exodus -Leviticus -Numbers ], and some one later , perhaps " Joshua" or any one else have commented on the four books , creating the fifth and called it"Deuteronomy " ,while some other of them said that the book of "Joshua ", was among them , but some others said that "Joshua " , "Judges" ,"I,II Samuel ".. etc, were among that collection .
They who thought that the source were one book and divided into five books , put their theory upon the name of the "Torah " ,which was used by the prophets ( see , Deuteronomy 28.61 , 29.21 , 30. 10 , 31. 26 where they call it "The book of law " , also in Joshua 23.6 , Nehemiah 8.1 , Ezra 7.6 where they called it "The book of Moses law) , added to that the different names in the Bible for The Torah like , " Moses Law " ," Moses ' Nomos " , " The Book of Moses " or "Moses " only . But they who said that the book was collected from many sources ,and were divided later ,were two kinds of scholars ,The first kind who had a view that it divided into six parts ( Genesis - Exodus - Leviticus - Numbers - Deuteronomy - Joshua ) Like 1" Alexander Geddes " , 1800 . and "J . Wellhausen " , " Die Composition des Hexateuch " ,1876 . therefore they called it Hexateuch or the six books, But the second type of critics Who called it "Tetrateuch τετρατευχος " or the four books like 3"Engnell " , " Gamla Testamentat " ., Vol I .
" The Torah is the book which collected all what we know now about the old communities , its law and its history , of all the events which faced the people of God , during its first establishing point , it contains a moral law and a simple local law , which reflected an live figure , about their historical law and the history of activating it , along that period of the history . That book is the real first base of all the next holy books , which ended by the book of Revelation . It contained the beginning of the understanding of the people of God , about God himself , and the light which lightened along the ages , to lead the people of God , and paves the way to accept the next prophesies and the next events , this book is the book of the law , or the divine law for all the ages , it was directed from God , to direct his people and lead them , educating them , and piloting them to the way of the life , and to "Shilon " ( one of the names of Jesus Christ inn Genesis 49. 10 ) , and to the "Seed of the woman " (another name for Jesus Christ in Genesis 3.15 ) , to the promised Canaan ,which is an example , for The heavenly Canaan . -
. Dr Rev. Joseph Elmenshaoi .
" The Accadian Language " was the language of the people in the " Patriarchal Ages " , it was the source of the Hebrew , The Arabic and The Syrian languages , the suggested root means , " to see " , it means to see in a general sense , it has a general conception , it means definitely , to see , to regard , to know , to יראהexamine ...etc, " The Hebrew root Yarah "
وراhas the same meaning of " The Arabic root Warrah "
,the Arabic root is still used in the modern Arabic which means " to see something in order to know it and examine its details " .When the word occurs in Proverbs 4.4 and Job 24.6 , 10.8 , it reflects the meaning of " a teacher " .
The question now is , why the translators sometimes translate it , by using " The Greek " word " Nomos "νομος , which means Laws, Systems,Disciplines , or bases ? this question makes us remember some other names for " The Torah " like " The laws " or " The laws of Moses " . for example " Faust " decided to translate it " The Leader " because the word " leader " collects all the meaning of instruction,direction,precept , manner , and form .
It is The Leader so the Greek translated it "νομος Nomos " or " The Laws " in its old Greek's vast area of meaning to the word .The contents of the " Torah " helped " Faust " to find his suggested word , because " Torah " reveals " The laws of God " in a direct form , and in indirect form , inside of the historical stories which show us how " The laws of God " revealed in the behavior of " The Men of God " themselves which lead us , as " A Leader " , to the real aims of God . The name of "Torah "is - in fact - as a " Shooter of an arrow " makes me remember one of my researches , about " The Sorcery and Magic among The Old Nations ", while I was searching , I found the article of " K.A. Kitchen " about the old magician who accompanied by a follower , carried a bag full of arrows on his back ,when he reached to the people who wanted to know something about the future , he used to lead his follower , into a near area , to be watched by the people ,and to be far at the same time from the shooting arrows affections ,and he used to wrap the follower's eyes with a peace of clothes , and ordered him to shoot the arrows in anonymous directions, after that the magician examined the arrows , and spoke about the future , commenting on the color of the arrows , the shape of the arrows , the directions and the distances of the arrows , as a clue to the knowledge about the future , nowadays we have some people all over the world , who supposed that the remains of the coffee in a cup can reveal the future , using the same theory of those magicians .
The Bible itself like to describe the words of God as Arrows , and we must say that it was a very great similarity between the magic and the religion in the old ages ..God sent his word to his people, to lead them to the right way ,and assured its validity by miracles . at the second hand, was the Satan , who sent his lies in the paganism ,using his magical tricks .
But the word of God is like " A Shooting Arrows by God " to reveal the future, the real future of the man , in spite of the magician arrows tricks , which was known among the old Israelite communities ( refer to II Kings 14.13,14 to observe how the arrows were known as a method of revealing the future ) .
-
- -The "Torah " is " The leader " or " The Moral law " or " The Nomos " . In our attempt to follow the history of the names of the "Torah " we found that its title in the " Septuagint " L.X.X " was " Pentateuch πεντατευχ" , may be someone thought that this title is the equivalent Greek word for the name " Torah " , but in fact , it was not , this word was not an original Greek word neither was the equivalent meaning to the original name "Torah " . It consists of two parts , "Penta πεντα " which means "Five " , and "Teuchos τευχος " ( An Alexandrian local word which was used between the Alexandrian people to mean " A Book " ," A Biblos " or " A Volume as a part of a book written in volumes " The , the word means " The Five Books or Volumes " . The Fathers of the church like " Tertullian " or others , used to call this part of our Holy Bible using that name ,The history of the different names for the " Torah " , and the source of the different names also the numbers of its parts is different from one Critic to another , The Jews used to name the book , by the first word , or phrase which located in the first beginning of the book , some scientists suggested that the " Septuagint writers were the source of this new style , to name the books according to the summary of its contents ,but we see that the "Samaritan Text " , precedes the " Septuagint " in using that tradition before the " Septuagint ". Some researchers thought that the "Torah " with its five parts , were a parallel style to the five books of "Psalms " , and the five books of " Megalloth " [ Song of Songs , Ruth , lamentations , Ecclesiastes , Esther ] , therefore " N. H. Snaith " said in his book " Hymns of the Temple " that the beginning of that tradition was made by the Rabbis to suit the worshiping practice. But the Rabbis have not done the five parts , as what "Snaith " proclaimed , but they divided it into 365 parts ,every part contained 248 parts , called "the sedreem " ,to read in the synagogues , as a circulatory system ended every three years , in spite of they were reading it using that system once every year at the exile times as they do now ,We will discuss the different names ,when we discuss the views of the critics about the "Author of The Torah " ,but it is enough now to tell you that some critics had a strange ideas about some fragments which collected together to create The Torah , as one book ,which was divided later , they were "the critics of the higher criticism " , and "the formal criticism " and others . They who said that it was one book , and divided later to five books [ Genesis - Exodus -Leviticus -Numbers ], and some one later , perhaps " Joshua" or any one else have commented on the four books , creating the fifth and called it"Deuteronomy " ,while some other of them said that the book of "Joshua ", was among them , but some others said that "Joshua " , "Judges" ,"I,II Samuel ".. etc, were among that collection .
They who thought that the source were one book and divided into five books , put their theory upon the name of the "Torah " ,which was used by the prophets ( see , Deuteronomy 28.61 , 29.21 , 30. 10 , 31. 26 where they call it "The book of law " , also in Joshua 23.6 , Nehemiah 8.1 , Ezra 7.6 where they called it "The book of Moses law) , added to that the different names in the Bible for The Torah like , " Moses Law " ," Moses ' Nomos " , " The Book of Moses " or "Moses " only . But they who said that the book was collected from many sources ,and were divided later ,were two kinds of scholars ,The first kind who had a view that it divided into six parts ( Genesis - Exodus - Leviticus - Numbers - Deuteronomy - Joshua ) Like 1" Alexander Geddes " , 1800 . and "J . Wellhausen " , " Die Composition des Hexateuch " ,1876 . therefore they called it Hexateuch or the six books, But the second type of critics Who called it "Tetrateuch τετρατευχος " or the four books like 3"Engnell " , " Gamla Testamentat " ., Vol I .
" The Torah is the book which collected all what we know now about the old communities , its law and its history , of all the events which faced the people of God , during its first establishing point , it contains a moral law and a simple local law , which reflected an live figure , about their historical law and the history of activating it , along that period of the history . That book is the real first base of all the next holy books , which ended by the book of Revelation . It contained the beginning of the understanding of the people of God , about God himself , and the light which lightened along the ages , to lead the people of God , and paves the way to accept the next prophesies and the next events , this book is the book of the law , or the divine law for all the ages , it was directed from God , to direct his people and lead them , educating them , and piloting them to the way of the life , and to "Shilon " ( one of the names of Jesus Christ inn Genesis 49. 10 ) , and to the "Seed of the woman " (another name for Jesus Christ in Genesis 3.15 ) , to the promised Canaan ,which is an example , for The heavenly Canaan . -
. Dr Rev. Joseph Elmenshaoi .
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